王氏唇柱苣苔的离体培养及遗传稳定性

以王氏唇柱苣苔(Chirita wangiana)叶片为外植体进行组培离体快繁研究,并利用流式细胞术对组培苗进行遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:最佳初代诱导培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最适继代培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA;最适生根培养基为1/2 MS培养基添加0.5 mg/L IBA和15 g/L蔗糖,所有生根培养基获得的组培苗移栽驯化成活率达到92%以上。组织学切片检测表明,王氏唇柱苣苔叶片为外植体所形成芽体均为器官发生方式形成。流式细胞术检测表明,组培苗倍性没有变化,基因组大小与母本相比仅发生了1.86%的减少;染色体数目为2n=36,跟母本一致,植株形态特征上也无变异。研究结果可为王氏唇柱苣苔的园艺应用快速提供大量遗传稳定的种苗。     

剑麻种质资源表型多样性分析与倍性鉴定

利用常规方法结合流式细胞仪对25份剑麻种质资源叶色、叶缘刺有无、叶缘刺类型、叶顶刺类型、叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺长、顶刺基部宽等10个农艺性状以及倍性进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长等变异系数分别在0.9%~13.33%、1.69%~9.13%、1.77%~7.61%、3.99%~11.62%、7.82%~14.31%、9.08%~14.84%之间,不同种质资源间变异系数分别为21.60%、13.95%、15.9%、21.48%、36.59%和30.77%。同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长差异不明显,不同种质资源间存在极显著差异(α=0.05)。基于10个表型性状将25份剑麻种质资源聚为3类,第一类主要包括番麻、广西76416、南亚1号、东368、蓝剑麻、普通剑麻、粤西75等7份种质;第二类主要包括桂辐4号、H.11648、东74、东27、东26和东16等6份种质;第三类主要包括东18、东2、肯3等12份种质。多变量的主成分分析显示4个主成分的特征值总和为5.84,累计贡献率达97.29%。流式细胞仪分析表明,25份剑麻种质资源中,H.11648、东2等14份种质为二倍体,东16和广西76416两份种质为三倍体,粤西75、粤西114等5份种质为四倍体,肯3和普通剑麻2份种质为五倍体,东74为六倍体,番麻为五倍体和六倍体的混倍体。以上结果为剑麻种质资源的鉴定评价提供理论依据。     

赤红壤蔗区11年连续增量施磷下磷素演变及其 对甘蔗产量与磷流失的影响

【目的】 系统分析连续11年增量施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤全磷、Olsen-P以及地表径流磷流失量的变化特征和土壤磷素变化与磷盈亏、蔗茎产量的响应关系,为土壤磷素科学管理提供参考。【方法】 依托长期肥力及地表径流定位监测试验（2008年—）,选取不施肥（CK）、推荐施肥（OPT）和增量施磷（OPT+P）3个处理,测定土壤全磷、Olsen-P含量及地表径流磷流失量,分析土壤磷素变化与磷累积盈亏量的关系,采用Mitscherlich模型拟合蔗茎产量对Olsen-P的响应曲线,计算土壤Olsen-P农学阈值,并推算施肥处理土壤Olsen-P含量从第11年降至环境阈值所需的时间。【结果】 CK处理逐年降低土壤全磷含量,年降速率为0.0251 g·kg ^-1·a ^-1。施肥土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量随种植年限波动增加,土壤全磷和Olsen-P增速率OPT+P处理高于OPT处理。不施肥土壤表观磷盈亏10.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,施肥处理土壤表观磷盈余41.3—69.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,占施磷量的31.9%—35.6%,以OPT+P处理显著高于OPT处理67.5%。施肥下赤红壤蔗区土壤全磷和Olsen-P变化量均与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,OPT处理和OPT+P处理土壤全磷上升0.06 g·kg ^-1和0.09 g·kg ^-1,Olsen-P 含量上升11.0 mg·kg ^-1和9.1 mg·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺100 kg P·hm ^-2,CK处理土壤全磷下降0.32 g·kg ^-1。Mitscherlich模型较好地拟合蔗茎产量与赤红壤Olsen-P含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。其计算出的土壤Olsen-P 农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg ^-1。施肥显著提高地表径流磷流失量,且OPT+P处理也显著高于OPT处理。地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量显著正相关。基于土壤磷素变化与累积磷盈亏的关系推算得出第11年OPT和OPT+P处理Olsen-P水平降至环境阈值的时间分别需要12年和16年。 【结论】 在南方赤红壤区,施肥尤其增量施磷在提高土壤磷素累积的同时增加了地表径流磷流失风险。在本试验磷的基础养分条件下,按OPT处理施磷,并从甘蔗种植的第2—3年实行隔年施磷可维持土壤磷素处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。     

基于可控气流-激光检测技术的鸡肉嫩度评估方法

以鸡肉嫩度为研究对象，采用可控气流-激光检测技术的瞬态、蠕变回复和应力松弛等动静态检测模态，并使用支持向量机分类器和全局变量偏最小二乘算法，结合不同预处理方法，对鸡肉嫩度进行定性判别和定量预测。结果表明3个激励模态结合不同预处理算法均可实现鸡肉嫩度的定性定量评估。在定性方面，瞬态模态对嫩度具有最佳的分类效果；S-G卷积平滑算法表现出最佳的预处理性能，校正集嫩/老分类精度分别为1和0.98，马修斯相关系数为0.97；而验证集分类精度也达到了0.95和0.84。在定量预测方面，S-G卷积平滑算法在提升原始数据的信噪比上同样具有最佳效果；瞬态模态校正集和验证集模型相关系数分别为0.948和0.913，均方根误差分别为0.736N和1.013N。因此，在组织结构引起的品质预测动态模态较静态模态更适用。本研究开展的可控气流-激光技术在鸡肉嫩度评估的应用，为肉品检测领域提供了新的解决方案。     

Nutrient cycling and biomass flows in a low-quality forest stand improvement system in the Lesser Khingan Range of China

The material flow and bulk internal flow analyses were used to establish a material accumulation and cycling model for a low-quality forest stand improvement system and a series of processes were considered. The model was applied in a one-hectare low-quality forest plot in the Lesser Khingan Range of China. Results showed that during 1997–2007, the stands absorbed 270.19 kg of N, 74.28 kg of P, and 124.39 kg of K from soils, 51.82 kg of N and 2.38 kg of P were directly absorbed by foliage, and 16.25 kg of K was released to soils by eluviation. Until 2007, the accumulated nutrients in the stands included 236.91 kg of N, 65.28 kg of P, and 108.55 kg of K. When horizontal strip clearcutting was applied in 2007, 50% accumulated nutrients in the stands were shifted due to harvesting operations, and 212.74 kg of N, 26.97 kg of P, and 98.88 kg of K were accumulated in soils, declining by 9.47% for N, 3.68% for P, and 17.60% for K, respectively, compared with year 1997. 94.61 t per hectare of biomass was generated, of which the biomass in stands accounted for 87.36%. The felled tree biomass was 36.89 t per hectare, of which 84.90% and 10.03% of biomass were utilized in terms of logs and other means, and the rest was left on site.     

Flow alteration and thermal pollution depress modelled growth rates of an iconic riverine fish,the Murray cod Maccullochella peelii

The serial discontinuity concept (SDC) proposes that hypolimnetic‐releasing impoundments cause major disruptions to the naturally occurring physical, chemical and biological gradients of rivers but that this impact diminishes with distance downstream. Such a gradient in discharge, flow velocity and temperature regime occurs below a large hypolimnetic‐releasing impoundment, the Hume Dam, on the River Murray in south‐eastern Australia. To examine the effects of this disturbance gradient on a warm‐water large‐bodied freshwater fish, the Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), a bioenergetics model was developed and calibrated to explore energy expended under differing water velocities and temperature regimes. Model simulations predicted negative growth of juveniles directly downstream of the impoundment, due largely to the energetic costs associated with active and, to a lesser extent, standard metabolism outweighing the achievable energetic gains through food consumption. As flow velocity and temperature regimes became more favourable downstream, so did the simulated growth of the species. It was not until +239 km downstream of the impoundment that the model predicted that flow velocity and temperature regimes were suitable for greater weight gains. The modelled growth responses of juvenile Murray cod are consistent with the predictions of the SDC, emphasising that changes in the bioenergetics of individuals are likely to be reflected in reduced growth rates under the changed flow velocity and temperature regimes imposed by disturbance gradients. This research represents a valuable step in the biological understanding of Murray cod within variable riverine environments and emphasises the urgency required to mitigate impacts associated with hypolimnetic impoundments.     

水肥一体化中水肥混合效果数值模拟研究

为研究水肥一体化技术中的水肥混合特性,以流体力学中的两相流理论为基础,针对水肥混合过程中混合时间、混合区间长度、流速及管径对其混合效果的影响进行相应的数值模拟研究。结果表明,混合时间及混合区间长度越长有利于提高水肥混合效果及最终水肥混合均匀性;水肥流速比较低时管内水肥混合的均匀性较好,且水肥流速越大则其混合效果及均匀性越好;水肥流速较低时输水管及输肥管的管径比对水肥混合均匀性的影响较大,两者管径比越小则混合效果越好,随着流速的提高两者管径比对其混合效果的影响逐渐减弱。     

Development of Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Immunoassay Detection Method for Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus

In this article, through the combination of nucleic acid probes and immune chromatography, a simple, sensitive and specific detection system——nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) for amplifing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D RT-PCR products was established.An ultrasensitive nucleic acid biosensor (NAB) based on streptavidin-labeled gold nanoparticles dual labels and lateral flow strip biosensor (LFSB) were used in this system.The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was marked to the NC membrane as the alleged strip and the anti-digoxin antibody was labeled to the NC membrane to capture the digoxin probe.After assemblying gold-labeled strip and detecting RT-PCR products, the detection limit of NALFIA was 0.3×10^-3 to 3×10^-3 μg/μL.The NALFIA was compared with agar gel electrophoresis analysis, the results showed that the sensitivity of NALFIA was higher than agar gel electrophoresis.There was an excellent agreement between the two methods.NALFIA was a method with high sensitive, low cost and short time.In conclusion, this method provided a good alternative to detect FMDV.     

How to characterize ‘good’ and ‘greening’ in the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): the case of clay soils in the Netherlands

The change in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union from product to producer support, including requirements for ‘good agricultural and environmental conditions’ and ‘greening’, is excellent. However, these requirements are now defined in rather general terms. Questions can be raised about suitable indicators, and there is a recognized need for effective management recommendations to support farmers in achieving the required ‘good’ conditions. These recommendations are bound to be quite different for different soils in different countries. A study of Dutch clay soils was based on a storyline describing current problems and management options for improvement, which were quantified using a soil–water–crop simulation model. Indicators were defined for agricultural conditions and suggestions made for the use of the model in a predictive mode to help farmers improve their soil management. Environmental conditions were judged by current environmental guidelines for water and air. When modelling, implicit assumptions that soils are homogeneous were shown to be unrealistic for these clay soils, requiring development of innovative methods and procedures, presenting a challenge for soil research.